Rosemarie Zagarri, A Woman's Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rosemarie Zagarri, A Woman's Dilemma - Essay Example The term was first utilized in the US, and it was alluded to as measures that should have been taken to overcome separation over the state. In the Woman’s Dilemma by Zagarri, the confirmed activities were polished to advance correspondence and battle the issue, to advance their portrayal in the administration foundation. The situation of ladies in the administration foundation has been sketchy in the previous hundreds of years. Be that as it may, in the 18 centuries factors, for example, edification thoughts towards ladies came up. Moreover, issue of equity, the women’s regular rights, ladies casting a ballot and association in legislative issues tested the supposition. We notice that the ladies capacities in the political field are being evaluated in a positive manner. Ladies got deficient help to be a piece of the formal political world. To be sure, this has been a quandary to ladies, most countries over the globe have been focused on fairness but then ladies have bee n avoided from the administration position in the political field (165). Be that as it may, guaranteeing that ladies are enabled in field of political will offer the network a chance to learn and make each individual to be dependable in guaranteeing vote based system. Likewise, these inquiries are brought up in the current century as well as asked during war time as nations were battling for free. Ladies were significantly expected to be engaged with local issues just as material duty in their homes. Moreover ladies were kept from casting a ballot because of their psychological insufficiency, â€Å"deficiency in their psychological power†. This isn't the situation to have mental inadequate but since of their method of life that keeps them from being in contact with the outside world. This can't be a factor to consider that ladies can make it in the political fields (165). Ladies being allowed a chance to investigate the world they are typically beneficial in the field. Over t he globe positions held by ladies in the political field have been profitable contrasted with their male partners. At the point when mental trademark are taken as devices to verify that an individual has political abilities instead of body includes then ladies are not to be rejected from partaking in the political field. For example Mrs. Catre in Zagarri (67) expressed that genders contrast are minor and they ought not be an apparatus to block ladies from support in government positions â€Å"mere â€Å"sex†. Considering it to be a circumstance it is physical and has a minor basic for it to impact the eccentricity of common situation on the level of an individual and in the initiative position. Training was without a doubt to clarify that ladies will grow their viewpoint and have a longing of being engaged with the political field. In the year 1828, politicization in ladies was viewed as an obligation, ladies were seen as feeble and they can't show administration due to how they have been dealt with in the general public since time in dedication. Ladies were not seen as resources, and they couldn't add to the political atmosphere which was disruptive. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation, edifying ladies has carried them to get the chance to comprehend the world of politics and how to oversee it. In the past society ladies were viewed as sub-par and could just deal with a domain, for example, taking care of residential tasks. As per the author, she attempts to bring the setting where the ladies were being guarded from being engaged with a brutal situation, for example, a political atmosphere

The Life of Pi by Yann Martel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of Pi by Yann Martel - Essay Example This prompts the production of another form of a similar story; this time, be that as it may, rather than creatures on the pontoon there are individuals, Taiwanese mariner, his mom, the cook and the visually impaired French man. The characters in the new story looks like to the creatures in the raft of the first story. Furthermore, after 200 and twenty-seven days afloat Pi is the main survivor. By one way or another this subsequent story told with barely any subtleties and appears to be progressively reasonable. By recounting to two distinct stories, Author needs to feature the absolute most significant idea and brought up the issue. Which story is better - the story with creatures or the story without creatures This confidence rotates around the whole novel and fills in as its decision. The inside importance of the book is to pass on about man's relationship to creatures. Pi is thrown afloat in a raft with a zebra, a hyena, an orangutan, and a tremendous Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. In the long run, only the tiger and he are left in the vessel, story of 227 days adrift. The pontoon is very much loaded for a human. Pi just trust in endurance is to keep the tiger substance and compliant to him. Pi lives in consistent fear of Richard Parker, yet figures out how to keep him provided with fish, turtles, and new water so he doesn't turn on him. Pi constrained Richard Parker region to the floor of the pontoon, .all things considered, Richard Parker looks like perilous individuals .A limit ought to consistently be drawn and confines them from intersection their cutoff points or attacking our region Pi turns out to be progressively persuaded that his destiny and the tiger's are inseparably connected and advances to an uncomfortable ceasefire between foes. At last throughout the months they are together, he builds up an ever-extending relationship with the creature. Be that as it may, Richard Parker is a wild creature. He never frames a passionate connection with Pi. Close to the furthest limit of the novel, Richard Parker vanishes into the backwoods suddenly and completely and stays away for the indefinite future. Not a solitary time he thought back. He unceremoniously finishes up the relationship and left Pi with tears and an overwhelming heart. For Pi, thinking about the tiger turns into his darkest minutes throughout everyday life. Like Dangerous individuals Richard Parker and different creatures in the novel are never hued with nostalgia .They are spinning around our lives for their own motivation and advantage. What's more, they will never dither to leave us. 3. Clarify why the creator picked a tiger as the principle creature hero rather than an elephant or rhinoceros Martel depicted Richard Parker to be anything over a risky Bengal tiger and Pi never to be in excess of a urgent kid lost adrift. His principle point was to show a 16-year old Indian kid, Pi relationship with a hazardously wild creature and endurance using his brains and sheer assurance for 227 days adrift. So he picks Richard Parker primary creature hero not at all like elephant or rhinoceros. A tiger represents a flesh eating, wild and unsentimental creature. As the law of nature in the long run controls in the raft and Pi winds up as the tiger's final inhabitant who lives in consistent fear , however figures out how to keep of Richard Parker provided with fish,

Organizational Change Management for French-myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theOrganizational Change Management for French and Raven. Answer: Effect of countrys culture being used of capacity to start change program Change the executives alludes to the structure which is utilized by chiefs to distinguish the change present in the association and correct them. Force is a significant factor which encourages the director to apply change in an association. The point of beneath referenced paper is to dissect and assess the social components of two nations to be specific Singapore and Australia. It additionally clarifies the impact of such culture on the French and Raven Five bases of intensity. The last piece of the paper tells about how the utilization of intensity would be powerful and incapable in an association change program contingent upon the way of life of a specific nation. Further, power alludes to a significant instrument which encourages the trough to start their choices in an association. Without power, no chief can request that the representatives work as indicated by their course. Likewise, it ought to be noticed that force is absent with all; rather it is separated based on duty and authority appointed to them. Relating the force with the hofstedes measurement, it ought to be noticed that the social measurement model clarifies the social highlights of the individuals of the nation which helps in breaking down which ought to be utilized by them (Blanger, et. al., 2016, 287-300). There are explicitly six measurements in the model that are, power separation, independence, vulnerability shirking, long haul direction, guilty pleasure and in conclusion manliness. Further, it ought to be noticed that there is nearness of assorted variety in the nation Singapore as there are 77% of Chinese, 15% of Malay, 6% of Indians and in conclusion 2% of other exile society. Furthermore, then again, the nation Australia has larger part of individuals who have a place with British people group (67%) and it has nearness of some European culture inside them and just 2% of native locals are available in the nation (Chua, Roy, Yannig Roth, and Jean-Franois Lemoine 2015, 189-227). The principal measurement that is power separation discusses how much less ground-breaking individual from the general public are floated or roused with the more impressive individual from the general public. It discusses the manners by which force is circulated inconsistent and how individuals handle such disparity in the general public. In the nation Singapore, individuals are increasingly reliant on their boss in the general public, so there is low level of intensity separation in the general public. Individuals don't take any choice themselves; representatives in the association are progressively reliant on their administrator to take activities. As the Chinese individuals have faith in the Confucian instructing because of which a huge portion of the general public start such exercises in nature (Ferraro, Gary and Elizabeth Briody 2017). While, then again, individuals of Australia have a generally high level of intensity separation property under them. They don't incline toward l ooking for consent of somebody to take activities. Likewise there is nearness of level authoritative structure which persuades the representatives to assume liability and start activities for the advancement of the organization. The second measurement that is independence versus community tells about the level of which individuals of a nation need to sustain themselves and their close families. Community discusses the credit to which individuals need to take of themselves and their family members in the general public and become entire heartedly answerable for their prosperity and health. The freely weave bunch in the general public tells about the conviction of individuals in utilized the sentiment of I and the closely knit bunch speaks to the sentiment of WE (Yeo, Su Lin, and Augustine Pang 2017, 112-122). Discussing the way of life it ought to be noticed that the individuals of this nation score a poor quality, as there adoration dealing with their more distant families and relyi ng upon one another for presence. While, in the nation Australia, individuals are profoundly associated with one another, they just deal with themselves and their close family. They have a solid sentiment of independence under them and they favor being autonomous at the working environment and in close to home life also (Stone, Dianna and Diana Deadrick 2015, 139-145). Further, manliness versus gentility alludes to the measurement those discussions about the acknowledgment of individuals for the money related advantages and chivalry in the general public. Though, gentility in the general public speaks to demonstration of humility in the general public, it discusses the subjective development of an individual in the general public and manliness discusses quantitative development in the general public. The nation Singapore for this situation falls under classification of womanliness (Aiello, et. al., 2018). The general public is minimal increasingly slanted towards womanliness for this situation as the score is 48. While Australia scores 61 in this measurement which discusses their strength in the general public. This viewpoint likewise discusses the battle among extreme and delicate. Thus, it ought to be noticed that individuals of Australia have solid faith in working side by side in the market. Further, vulnerability shirking alludes to how much i ndividuals in a general public figures out how to with the future coming issues. It discusses the manners by which individuals responds on obscure circumstances going ahead their way. Singapore if there should arise an occurrence of vulnerability evasion scores 8 while 51 are scored by Australia. The score of Singapore tells that the individuals regards the principles and guidelines and expects to maintain a strategic distance from the issues by going along them. Though, on account of Australia, the nation don't observe all the principles rather the main follow the ones that they believe are significant (Todnem By, Rune 2005, 369-380). Long haul direction versus transient regulating direction discusses the manners by which individuals start their future business exercises by looking forward and in reverse simultaneously. Individuals of Singapore adopt long haul strategy by understanding their past encounters and afterward accurately applying them later on objectives. The nation scor e 72 for this situation. While, individuals of Australia take moderately momentary objectives later on possibilities. The last component of the Hofstedes approach is guilty pleasure versus restriction which alludes to how much individuals attempt to control their feelings and affections for specific things in the general public. Individuals of Australia are progressively liberal as they score 71 in this field though individuals of Singapore are more restriction as they score 41 in this field. It expresses that Singaporeans shroud their sentiments inside them (Soares, Ana Maria, Minoo Farhangmehr, and Aviv Shoham 2007, 277-284). The above examined examination clarifies the way of life of two nations that are Australia and Singapore. Presently relating it to the French and Raven five bases of intensity it ought to be noticed that this model clarifies five unique sorts of intensity in particular, authenticity, master, prize, reference and coercive. Real alludes to the force which is accomplished an individual who can officially control and start an individual to work as indicated by their choice. Under this procedure, one individual obliges to someone else to work as indicated by them (Barth-Farkas, Faye, and Antonio Vera 2014, 217-232). The primary purpose behind such force is their assignment which gives them chance to allot work to individuals in an association. This sort of intensity is essentially focused with supervisor, CEO, government officials and so forth in the general public. Likewise, with the loss of assignment, the ability to lose the option to approve work to individuals, they no longer hold th e obligation to dole out work to their subordinates. Another part of five bases of intensity that is coercive discussions about the ability to rebuff their workers. This force clarifies that the individual who is in power has the privilege to rebuff their workers for the rebelliousness of an occasion. Under this case, the choice of the pioneer is trailed by the prizes and discipline given to the particular representative (Liao, Li-Fen 2008,169-182). The choice doesn't hold its viability for this situation in the event that they don't rebuff or prize the worker as per this force. Further, the master power discusses the under which the pioneer causes their subordinates to finish their work on time without confronting issues. The pioneer is individual who has satisfactory information on the work, so this force offers the chance to the pioneer to direct the representatives to work appropriately in an association. The aptitudes and abilities of a pioneer are utilized to manage and propel the workers. Under the intensity of remuneration, the pioneer achieves the chance to compensate their representatives work each great work which they actualize in the association. What's more, ultimately, referent alludes to the ability to manage a people different preferences and produce regard for them (Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Golembiewski, and Afzalur Rahim 2018). As talked about above, both the perspectives culture and force impacts the change the executives program started in an association. As indicated by the force separation measurement in the nation Singapore, the pioneers should utilize the intensity of real. The nation should utilize such kind of intensity in order to fulfill the component of high force separation in the general public. While then again Australia has low score for this situation and high score in manliness so they should utilize the intensity of remuneration. In the nation Australia, individuals trusts in independence and manliness so the pioneers for this situation should utilize the intensity of remuneration to fulfill the representatives and give them to the work which they have progressed admirably (Golembiewski, Robert 2018). The pioneers who give rewards start their activities effectively in the Australian market in light of the fact that toward the end each individual attempts to acquire a feasible employment. T his will assist them with earning pay well beyond their typical expenses. Being an individualistic culture, the workers intends to procure a decent living with the goal that they can undoubtedly keep up their typical cost for basic items. Consequently, with this procedure a common intrigue relationship is made between the representatives and

Analyse and research of area related to criminology (based on Essay

Investigate and research of zone identified with criminology (in light of article)) - Essay Example The motivation behind this exploration is to look at the utilization of the web as an apparatus for sexual predation, especially by ladies. Following a writing audit on the subject, 50 members from the North-East of England to inspect the amount of a peril female sex wrongdoers are seen to be with regards to digital wrongdoing. Martellozzo, Nehring and Taylor (2010) built up that females do for sure utilize the web to target youngsters as a major aspect of a sex offense. Be that as it may, the region has not gotten a lot of consideration, and consequently there can be a no-no about female sex guilty parties and it very well may be hard for criminal examinations to arrive at a strong resolution, as the region is ineffectively comprehended. Martellozzo, Nehring and Taylor (2010) depict the utilization of the web by female sex wrongdoers as a ‘emerging problem’ (p1) which should be tended to in a criminological way to completely comprehend the outcomes and hugeness of the issue. It is maybe critical to characterize what establishes kid maltreatment in an electronic way to completely comprehend the setting of the article. Youngster sexual maltreatment in a cybercrime setting can incorporate (yet isn't constrained to) sharing and downloading of sexual photography of underage people, the utilization of express language in talk rooms and through other online media, and the drawing closer of minors with the point of beginning a sexual relationship in the ‘real world’ (Martellozzo, Nehring and Taylor, 2010, p2). The web permits these exercises to be led with a level of mystery, which implies that youngsters are frequently more in danger of these exercises online than they are in the ‘real world’, despite the fact that the impacts might be similarly as harming. The examination associated with crafted by Martellozzo, Nehring and Taylor (2010) comprised of an exploratory strategy including assortment of subjective information from open meetings with 15 female sex guilty parties post-capture. These

George Orwells 1984 - A Look into the Future free essay sample

This paper examinations the novel 1984 by George Orwell and looks at how present functioning conditions through current innovation could without much of a stretch equal the expectations in the book. This paper examinations the novel 1984 by George Orwell and thinks about how present functioning conditions through current innovation could undoubtedly resemble the expectations in the book. From the paper: Nineteen eighty-four is a story of future society, a general public where free reasoning is a wrongdoing deserving of death. A story of a general public that is populated with thoughtless, cold, hardhearted supporters of nothing. This is likewise a country whose pioneers are self serving and are not worried about the benefit of everyone by which all of society will profit. An administering power known as The Party rules society. At the leader of this administration is an anecdotal figure known as Big Brother, whom all residents must love and regard. The optimism of visually impaired dedication was epitomized in this image. We will compose a custom article test on George Orwells 1984 A Look into the Future? or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It was the focal point of control. In this general public, protection and opportunity don't exist. The Party doesn't have to legitimize its egotistical ways since it holds the entirety of the force.

Description of the Law in United Arab Emirates

Description of the Law in United Arab Emirates Law in United Arab Emirates Mar 26, 2018 in Law Legal History of United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates (UAE) comprises of seven emirates, which are Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah. In the early 19th century, the area was referred to as pirate coast. The British entered various treaties in 1820s to protect important shipping interests. The perpetual maritime treaty that was signed in 1853 allowed British to handle foreign relations. The United Emirates acquired their independence from the British in 1971. Ras Al Khaimah was the last to join the federation. It entered the Union in 1972. The main principles of United Arab Emirates are drawn from the Sharia. However, most legislation entails a mix of European and Islamic concepts of the civil law whose origin is the Egyptian legal code created in the 19th and 20th century (Al Abed Hellyer, 2001). The adoption of civil law by a number of states in the region demonstrates the French influence. Besides, having particular legal legislation for the agencies, labor law, company law and intellectual property, United Emirates has endorsed commercial and civil codes. This system has brought about the development of structured and comprehensive legal systems. However, these are rigid to some extent constituting the official procedure linked to various nations in the Middle East.

MBA Admissions Advice for Career Changers

As an IT consultant, how do you know equity research is the right career for you? How do you know you can handle the hours, the more Darwinian industry and company culture, the stress of having a pivotal impact on huge investment decisions? If you are an MBA applicant pursuing a career change, then you will have an extra challenge: you will need to demonstrate that you understand the new industry and/or function in practical terms. After all, you may genuinely be fascinated by equity research and even have much to contribute to the field but still not fit in with that industry’s culture. You must go beyond expressing sincere interest, and make a logical case for your career goals. You must show that you understand your chosen industry or function â€Å"from the inside.† Failure to do so will undermine the credibility of your goals. The goals essay (or in some applications, a shorter goals statement in the online form) is the heart of that effort. You’ll need to explain how you plan to achieve your goals – the actual steps you will take. Here are seven pointers for using your goals essay or statement to show that you know exactly what you are doing in making the decision to change career direction. Note that all applications differ, and may offer more or less opportunity to implement these tips. 1. Show the natural progression and evolution of your change in career. To make the change seem as natural as the sunrise, tell the â€Å"story† of your motivation and evolving understanding of the field or function. For example, if you are an IT consultant seeking to become an investment research analyst, then you can talk about how interacting with people in different functions at client companies helped you discover how intrigued you were by the financial factors shaping not just IT decisions but overall strategy development. Describe your developing awareness and interest, detailing some of the more illuminating interactions. 2. Show that you understand the day-to-day reality of your desired industry or function. Interactions with people such as those noted above are one way. You may also do informational interviews, audit courses, and read industry publications. Clarify in your essay your proactive efforts to understand the field and the insights you gain from these efforts. 3. Openly address challenges and obstacles you expect to face as a newcomer to the field, and how you plan to handle them. This further demonstrates knowledge of the field or function and also your maturity and objectivity. It also enhances the adcom’s confidence that you can indeed make this change. 4. Demonstrate that you have the skills to make this change. No doubt your current work has honed skills and provided knowledge that will be beneficial in your future career. For example, as an IT consultant, you may have developed communication skills in obtaining information from the client, which will help you draw information from company management as an equity analyst. In addition, your quantitative skills from engineering will apply. Presenting concrete examples of your skills and knowledge applicable to your chosen field underscores both your preparation for the role and understanding of its demands. 5. Highlight how your background is an asset. You can likely argue that your â€Å"different† background will enable you to make a greater contribution in your new role. The IT consultant brings a deep understanding of real-world technology deployment that will facilitate analysis of a company’s true value and potential for continued success. Delineate such benefits, ideally supported by a concrete example or two. 6. Get the adcom â€Å"fired up† about your plans by articulating a vision for your goal. This means clarifying something you want to accomplish or contribute during your career, and the impact you hope to have. For the IT consultant, it could be, â€Å"integrating deep technology know-how into the evaluation of all companies.† 7. Solidify your message by effectively using the â€Å"why this school† part of the essay question. Ideally, your MBA studies will serve as a bridge to take you from where you are to where you want to be. Identify key learning needs for your new career, which will further strengthen the impression that you understand its realities and demands. Describe through specific details how the program under discussion will become that bridge. As a career changer, you face certain obstacles in your MBA strategy and application. On the other hand, you likely have an interesting story to tell about your goals. Use that story to make your plans seem like the most inevitable, natural thing in the world. View our MBA Admissions Services to learn how we can help you reflect on your experiences, select the anecdotes that best portray your singular self, and weave them into compelling essays that grab admissions committees’ attention, ultimately helping you gain admission to the best MBA program for you and making that career change. Cindy Tokumitsu has advised hundreds of successful applicants, helping them gain acceptance to top MBA and EMBA programs in her 20 years with Accepted. She would love to help you too. Want Cindy to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ From Example to Exemplary, a free guide to writing excellent admissions essays †¢ From Wall St to Wharton, While Starting Wall Street Oasis, a podcast episode †¢ 3 Tips for Highlighting Your Strengths in Your Application Essays

My Cultural Identity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 550 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Cultural Identity Essay Did you like this example? I was born in Royal-Oak, Michigan, but without any hesitation, I state that I am the product of two very different cultures. Both of my parents are one hundred percent Romanians, they moved to the United States twenty-three years ago. For so many times I heard them talking about Romania origins as a country, how Romania was formed, about Romanians and about their culture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Cultural Identity" essay for you Create order One of my dads favorite stories is about Decebalus, how Decebalus was one of the feared-enemy for Romans, how he was fighting in three wars against the Roman Empire until he was defeated by Trajan. My dad also told me that Decebalus name means powerful, brave in Dacian and he chooses to commit suicide to avoid capture. In Romania for all Romanians, Decebalus is considered a national hero he is the proof of the Dacian origins of the Romanians. Last summer I spent the whole month of July in Romania. Romania is a country with lots of traditions and a powerful history. One of my favorite souvenirs from Romania is a small copy of a carved statue of Decebalus. The statue was my gift for my entire family, a gift which will remind us of our origins, about our hero, and about our history. After all these years of living in the United States, my family and I are still very connected with Romanian culture. In our family the Romanian culture can be seen in; food, the way we celebrate some holidays, religion, friends, music and language. Proudly, I can say that for Christmas and Easter our home smells like any other home from Romania. The Christmas and the Easter smell in my home are from the aroma of the Romanian traditional food. The traditional sarmale is one of my favorite dishes which in our family we eat every year at Christmas time. For Easter, our house smells sweet because of the aroma of the sweet Cozonac, a special Romanian bread which my mom makes just for Easter, a homemade sweet bread with raisins and walnuts. From the day I was born until the age of ten, I was really close to my grandparents. My grandparents taught me the Romanian language and they told me lots of stories from Romanian folklore. They played a big role through my childhood and they were my connection to my roots. These are examples which reflect my Romanian cultural identity; these examples show how in my family the Romanian traditions are preserved. In the beginning, I said that I am the product of two different cultures. I say this not because I was born in the United States but because my family and I are every day in touch with American traditions. I have American friends, I celebrate and respect any American traditions and customs. Nowadays, we are now living in a multicultural world where it is normal to try to keep our roots, but also to adapt to the world in which we live day by day. Culture determines our values, our history, how we interact with the world and how we interact with the people around us. Culture includes our nation history, our religion, our traditions, and the things or people which we are proud of. Culture makes us unique even if we live in a multicultural world.

Bleh Bleh Bleh. What Does The Notorious Bloodsucking Dracula

Bleh Bleh Bleh What does the notorious bloodsucking Dracula have in common with the attractive vampires that are shown in the movie Twilight? A lot actually, not only do they share the same name of â€Å"Vampire† or â€Å"Undead†, they also share the same powers and needs. The vampire genre has gone a long way, specifically with books like Bram Stoker’s Dracula. It first started out as folklore and then it turned into a popular topic of writing in early European culture. Bram Stoker then combined what he could into one classic vampire that is widely known today. Even in today’s modern generation, Bram Stoker’s widely known character Dracula continues to be used as the classic vampire that is an example of a basis for the â€Å"undead†. In Bram Stoker’s†¦show more content†¦Clarson makes a point of talking about the fangs being sharp, proving that it is a way to identify a vampire such as the Count. This continues to persist th roughout the genre, a vampire has the need for blood so it turns to a victim and takes advantage of them, while also turning the victim into a vampire as well. This shows that Bram Stoker has successfully created a stereotype of fangs that are used to feed off the blood of victims that continues through this genre. There is something about burning red eyes of a blood hungry undead that just manages to stick with the whole vampire stereotypes. Despite not knowing that it was dracula, Jonathan Harker had met up with Dracula and had taken a lot of acknowledgement to the dark fire-like eyes of the Count. Jonathan describes the scene of him meeting the count for the first time, â€Å"I could only see the gleam of a pair of very bright eyes, which seemed red in the lamplight, as he turned to us† (Stoker 10). This proves that the eyes are a first expression that comes to Harkers mind when he first sees the Count. The stereotype of vampires having red eyes is probably one of the most known stereotypes when it comes to the undead and the vampire genre. The burning red eyes show a sense of character in the vampires, giving them an evil quality that strikes fear into those who look into them. Another

September Writing Prompts for Grade School Students

September is a great month for teachers and students to start the habit of daily writing. Writing every day, even for a short time, can set the foundations for great achievements during the year ahead. These prompts have been chosen to highlight key holidays and commemorations during September and are great for daily warm-ups or journal entries. Month of September: Better Breakfast MonthClassical Music MonthNational School Success MonthRead-a-New-Book Month Writing Prompt Ideas for September September 1st  Theme: Nursery RhymesThe childhood rhyme  Mary Had a Little Lamb  (1830) is based on an incident in the life of  Mary  Sawyer of Sterling, Massachusetts. when her lamb followed her to school one day.What was your favorite nursery rhyme as a child? Why do you think you liked it so much?September 2nd Theme: Better Breakfast MonthWhat is your idea of a wonderful breakfast? Describe exactly what youd serve.September 3rd  Theme: Labor DayThe  first Monday in September is set aside as an annual national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country. According to the United States Department of Labor website, Labor Day is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers.How does your family celebrate Labor Day weekend?September 4th  Theme: Classical Music MonthHave you ever listened to classical music? What is your feeling about it? Why do y ou feel that way?September 5th  Theme: Pizza (National Cheese Pizza Day)Describe your perfect pizza. Include details about the crust, sauce, and toppings.September 6th Theme: Read a Book DayThere are studies that show the positive effects of reading on social well-being. Reading fiction improves a readers ability to understand other peoples beliefs, desires, and thoughts that are different from their own.Do you like to read? If so, what type of things do you like to read: books, magazines, websites, etc. If not, why dont you like to read?September 7th  Theme: Neither Rain Nor Snow DayThe unofficial creed of the United States Postal Service is embodied in this quote found on the James Farley Post Office in New York City:Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds.Describe the difficulties that you that mail carriers might face on any given day? Do you think this is a hard job? Would you want to be a ma il carrier?September 8th Theme: Anniversary of the Day Ford Pardoned NixonOn September 8, 1974, President Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon of any wrongdoing associated with Watergate. Why do you think Ford pardoned him? Do you think he should have? Why or why not?September 9th  Theme: Grandparents DayWhat are three qualities that you think make an excellent grandparent? Why do you think they need these qualities.September 10th Theme: T.V. Dinner DayDo you think that it is important for families to eat dinner together at least a few times a week? Why or why not?September 11th Theme: 9-11 World Trade Center Remembrance DayYou can have students listen to former Poet Laureate Billy Collins read his poem The Names.Write a poem or piece of prose commemorating those who died on the 9/11 attacks.September 12th Theme: National Day of EncouragementWhich person do you feel has inspired and encouraged you the most in your life? Explain your answer.September 13th Theme: Scooby Doos BirthdayI f you were in a Scooby-Doo episode, who would you like to be paired up with as you hunt for ghosts: Scooby and Shaggy, Fred, Velma, or Daphne? Why?September 14th Theme: Pet Memorial DayDescribe your favorite pet, living or dead. If you have never had a pet, explain what type of pet youd like to have and what you would name it.September 15th Theme: National School Success MonthWhat do you think you can do to become more successful in your classes at school? Explain your answer.September 16th Theme: Mayflower DayPretend you were on the Mayflower on that first voyage to settle in America. Describe your feelings upon leaving England and then seeing your new home.September 17th Theme: Constitution DayResources on The Constitution Center website: Explore the best, nonpartisan, interactive Constitution on the web, featuring materials written by the top constitutional scholars from across the political spectrum.Journal topic: If you could only keep one of the following rights, which would i t be? Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of the Press. Explain your answerSeptember 18th Theme: Childhood (National Play-Doh Day)Do you miss elementary school? Why or why not?September 19th Theme: Talk Like a Pirate DayWrite a poem or a paragraph as if you were a pirate describing all the treasure youve plundered. Make sure to write like a pirate.September 20th Theme: Chicken Dance DayToday is Chicken Dance Day. Why do you think that many adults enjoy dances like the Chicken Dance and the Hokey Pokey? Do you enjoy them? Why or why not?September 21st  Theme: World Gratitude DayName five things that you are grateful for. Explain why you are grateful for each.September 22nd Theme: Dear Diary DayCreate a diary entry about a special day. This can be a real day in your own life or a fictional diary entry. Make sure to start with Dear Diary.September 23rd Theme: Checkers DayYouve been asked to play either checkers or chess. Which would you pick and why?S eptember 24 Theme: National Punctuation DayWhich punctuation mark do you have the most problem using correctly? You can choose from the period, comma, colon, or semicolon.September 25th Theme: National Comic Book DayThe comic book market in  North America has reached as high as  $1 billion  annually.Do you read comic books? Why or why not?September 26th Theme: Banned BooksBanned Books Week is an annual event first launched in 1982 that celebrates the freedom to read. According to the  Banned Books Week website:This is an effort to bring together the entire book community — librarians, booksellers, publishers, journalists, teachers, and readers of all types — in shared support of the freedom to seek and to express ideas, even those some consider unorthodox or unpopular.Do you think that school libraries should ban certain books? Support your opinion.September 27th Theme: Ancestor Appreciation DayWrite about your favorite ancestor. If you dont know if your ancest or or dont have a favorite one, tell which favorite person you wish was your ancestor. Explain your reasons for picking this person.September 28th Theme: Good Neighbor DayIn the poem Mending Wall by Robert Frost, the neighbor states Good fences make good neighbors. Explain what you think that statement means.September 29th Theme: Coffee DayAre you a fan of coffee? If so, why do you like it? What way do you like to drink it? If not, why not?September 30th Theme: Chewing Gum DayTake a stand either for or against chewing gum. Write three arguments to support your opinion.

External / Macro Environment ( Ks ) - 1296 Words

External/Macro Environment (KS) Lead in paragraph Demographics (KS) Demographic forces like age, gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnic origin, and social class all have the potential to present opportunities or threats for a company and an industry and create major implications (Hill 73). The United States is a nation having a population made up of people who fall into a wide variety of demographics. The United States’ population was estimated at 321,418,820 in July 2015, 50.8% of the population are female, and 77.4% of the population is made up of whites (â€Å"Quick Facts United States†). Joel Kotkin, of the Smithsonian Magazine estimates that the population will increase by 100 million people by 2050. The nation’s population is also expected to grow older; currently 13% is over the age of 65 and that is estimated to jump to 20% by 2050. This increase in an older population could create a potential train for social services and lead to fewer workers with in the economy (Badger). Between 2000 and 2050, census data reports that the age group 15-to-64 in the United States is expected to grow 42%. Even as the population ages, a baby boomlet is expected to happen when the children of the baby boomer generation begins to have children themselves. America has a relatively high fertility rate, and this can be largely attributed to immigrants who have more children than Americans that have lived in the country for generations (Kotkin). An aging population has theShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Mission Command Training Program10046 Words   |  40 PagesMCTP provides a free-thinking opposing force (OPFOR), certified observer controllers/trainers, and senior observers as mentors and coaches. Freethinking is defined as the ability to operate without any restraints imposed by the unit or any other external organizations and/or agents (Army Field Manual FM 7-100-65, 2006). 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Energy and Water Saving Ideas for Schools Free Essays

Water-Saving Ideas for Schools Free ? Repair leaky faucets and toilets throughout the school building. ? Encourage maintenance staff to avoid using hoses or pressure washers to clean sidewalks and other paved areas. ? Never allow water to run unnecessarily, and avoid using the toilet as a trash can. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy and Water Saving Ideas for Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Avoid overuse of the air conditioning – the harder it works, the more water (and energy! ) is used to cool the building. ? Encourage your school’s cafeteria staff to avoid using trays when possible. Fewer items to wash means less water is used to wash them! ? Research the water needs of the plants currently found on the school grounds. Determine how often they require water, and request that maintenance staff only water the plants and grounds as required by the plants. ? Make sure sprinkler systems are watering plants and not spraying water onto sidewalks or other paved areas. ? Develop a poster campaign to help educate the school community on water-conserving behaviors such as repairing leaks, turning off the water while washing hands, avoiding overuse of air conditioning, landscaping with native plants, etc. Low-cost ? Install faucet aerators, low-flow showerheads and other water-saving devices throughout the school. ? Construct a rain garden or native plants garden on the school grounds. ? Install rain barrels on school grounds. ? Place mulch around plants to reduce evaporation. ? Install timers and moisture sensors on irrigation equipment used on school grounds. ? Research the WaterSense program and encourage the school administration to purchase WaterSense products when equipment needs replacing. National Environmental Education Week is April 11-17, 2010 Be Water and Energy Wise! www. eeweek. org Energy-Saving Ideas for Schools Free ? Set the classroom (or school-wide) thermostat so it is slightly warmer in the summer and cooler in the winter. ? Start a carpooling program at your school and encourage students to ride the school bus or carpool rather than having their individual parents drive them to school. ? If your classroom has windows and gets plenty of natural light, open the blinds and turn off the lights when not required. Check for and repair leaks around windows and doors where air conditioning and heat can escape. ? Plug all computers, televisions, printers, copiers, and other equipment into power strips, and turn off the strips when the devices are not in use. Even when turned off, many electronics use energy even when they’re in standby mode. ? Pack lunches (in reusable containers! ) that don’t require heating. ? Ensure that heating and cooling vents are clear of obstruction. ? Create a schedule and put students in charge of turning off energy-consuming devices in the classroom (printers, computers, lights, etc. ). ? Increase the amount of insulation on water heaters and hot water pipes. ? Develop a poster campaign to help educate the school community on energy-conserving behaviors such as turning off lights, computers, and other equipment when not in use, keeping doors and windows closed to reduce heating and cooling system waste, washing clothes and dishes in full loads using cold water, etc. Low-cost ? Replace classroom light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs. ? Research the Energy Star program and encourage the school administration to purchase Energy Star products when equipment needs replacing. ? Plant deciduous trees around the school building. Trees help reduce heating and cooling costs by shading the building during warm months and by providing a wind break during the winter. National Environmental Education Week is April 11-17, 2010 Be Water and Energy Wise! www. eeweek. org How to cite Energy and Water Saving Ideas for Schools, Papers

River Pollution in Kerala free essay sample

All 44 rivers in Kerala are highly polluted due to inflow of untreated domestic, industrial wastes and agriculture runoff. Most of the industries are near the thickly populated riversides, often near cities and towns. There is no efficient water treatment system in industries and city municipalities. Pollution level in some of the sites is far above permissible limits. Close proximity of increasing numbers of leach pit latrines under varying soil conditions, late rite (midland) and sandy soils (coastal area); †¢ Non point sources of pollution in the catchment area including possible agricultural and surface run off, especially during the rainy season; †¢ Washing, bathing and other domestic activities around the open dug well sources, especially among the low income communities; †¢ Inadequate and irregular disinfection of drinking water supplies, including chlorination under KWA schemes; †¢ Inadequate testing and irregular monitoring of drinking water quality. Nobody seems to know, that only 15 Km away from Cochin, the â€Å"Queen of the Arabian Sea †, there is Eloor Island, home to Kerala’s largest industrial cluster. We will write a custom essay sample on River Pollution in Kerala or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eloor, an island of 11. 21 sq/km, on the Periyar River is home to more than 247 chemical industries, including the only DDT-producing facility in India. Most of these units have been here for the last fifty years and use extremely obsolete and polluting technologies. Toxic pollution from heavy metals to chemicals and radioactivity is found in air, soil and in the Periyar River, which spreads the contamination to the Vembanad Lake, Cochin and to the Arabian Sea. This leads to a large-scale devastation of aquatic life in the backwaters, the agricultural land and it is also affecting the health of the population in the area. The soil, water bodies and the wetlands in and around Eloor have been contaminated with heavy metals like zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium and persistent organic pollutants like DDT. Gas emissions let into the air include acid mists, ammonia and chlorine. The Panama ram, a tributary of the Kabani River and the Mayyazhi River were found to be the most polluted rivers in the State with the presence of chemical and biological pollutants. Refuse from slaughterhouses and hospitals were also reaching into Panama ram. Insecticides, chemical fertilizers and other pollutants were also finding their way into the rivers. Fish death and fall in the fish population were also reported from here, the study said.

The Relationship Between Yeast Fermentation And Food free essay sample

Concentration Essay, Research Paper In this experiment different concentrations of saccharose were tested to find which leads to the most respiratory activity in barm. Yeast is a heterotrophic anaerobic fungus which lacks chlorophyll. Yeast is used commercially to ferment the sugars of wheat, barley, and maize to bring forth intoxicant, and in the baking industry to raise or spread out dough. Yeast or alcoholic agitation is the anaerobiotic procedure of respiration by which sugars, such as glucose and saccharose, are converted into ethyl alcohol and C dioxide ( CO2 ) . This procedure is illustrated in the undermentioned equation: barm C12H22O11 + H2O # 8212 ; gt ; 4 CH3CH2OH + 4 CO2 sucrose + H2O ( outputs ) ethanol + C dioxide In order to find what concentration of sucrose and H2O leads to the most respiratory activity, ten big trial tubings were set with different concentrations by the procedure of consecutive dilution. The first trial tubing was filled with 40 milliliters of 60 % sucrose solution. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Yeast Fermentation And Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, the nine staying trial tubings were serially diluted, so that the sucrose concentration ranged from 30 % to 0.12 % . The hypothesis in this expriment was that the most respiratory activity would take topographic point with 60 % sucrose concentration. Since barm agitation requires sucrose and H2O, aproximately equal proportions of both would give to the most respiratory activity. Once the sucrose concentration was serially cut to the desired degree, the experimenter added 5 milliliter of yeast suspension to each one of the 10 trial tubings. Then, ten little trial tubings were placed invertedly into each one of the big trial tubing, doing certain no air bubbles remained within the little tibes. The trial tubing were left 24 hours, leting for agitation to take topographic point. But, no respiratory activity was detected. In old experimentation, it was found that yeast agitation did take topographic point in different molasses concentrations. Since, molasses contains big measures of saccharose, it was assumed that different concentrations of pure saccharose would give similar consequences, when assorted with barm. However, this was non the instance. The likely account is that in order for agitation to take topographic point, an enzyme is needed to interrupt down sucrose # 8211 ; a disacharide # 8211 ; into glucose and fructose # 8211 ; monosacharides. This enzyme is present in molasses, but it is absent in the sucrose solution. The Relationship Between Food Concentration, and Respiratory Activity September 25, 1996 Bibliography 1 ) Encarta Encyclopedia, CD-Rom Edition, Microsoft, 1994. 2 ) Biological Science, Prentice Hall, 1983. 3 ) Grolier Encyclopedia, CD-Rom Edition, Grolier Publishing, 1995.

dramatic rise

Recently, in the US there has been a dramatic rise in the number of people working longer hours. Understanding how workaholic behavior patterns can affect ones psychological well-being and life satisfaction is becoming increasingly of greater importance to mental health professionals. Workaholism has been described both positively and negatively as an addiction to work, the compulsion or uncontrollable need to work incessantly. Most employers value an employee that is very hardworking but as longer hours are put in, a person may begin to struggle at balancing personal and family needs with the increasing workload. Though generally accepted in society, there is surfacing evidence of the negative consequences of Workaholism. Research has suggested that workaholics report higher levels of stress and are subject to more health related problems than nonworkaholics. Workaholics tend to be of a perfectionist nature and are often unwilling to delegate work to others, which can sometimes slow progress and reduce efficiency in many jobs. These findings would suggest that workaholics might possess traits that might not be as desirable to employers as once thought. The term Workaholism was coined decades ago because of the similarity in the patterns between an alcoholic and a workaholic. The most similar trait is that the behavior is continued despite the knowledge of how it is affecting the person physically or psychologically. There are generally two types of workaholics, the enthusiastic and the nonenthusiastic. Both types are defined as people who exhibit an excessively high work involvement. The difference is however, the enthusiastic workaholic actually enjoys a high rate of personal enjoyment and satisfaction gained from their work. In contrast, a nonenthusiastic workaholic doesnt receive the same satisfaction from their efforts. There are three basic theories as to how people become workaholics. T ...

Christopher Columbus Fourth and Last New World Voyage

Christopher Columbus' Fourth and Last New World Voyage On May 11, 1502, Christopher Columbus set out on his fourth and final voyage to the New World. He had four ships, and his mission was to explore uncharted areas to the west of the Caribbean, hopefully finding a passage west to the Orient. Columbus did explore parts of southern Central America, but his ships, damaged by a hurricane and termites, fell apart while he was exploring. Columbus and his men were stranded on Jamaica for about a year before being rescued. They returned to Spain in late 1504. Before the Journey Much had happened since Columbus’  daring 1492 voyage of discovery. After that historic trip, Columbus was sent back to the New World to establish a colony. Although Columbus was a gifted sailor, he was a terrible administrator, and the colony he founded on Hispaniola turned against him. After his third trip, ​he was arrested and sent back to Spain in chains. Although he was quickly freed by the king and queen, his reputation was shot. Still, the crown agreed to finance one last voyage of discovery. Preparations With royal backing, Columbus soon found four seaworthy vessels: Capitana, Gallega, Vizcaà ­na, and Santiago de Palos. His brothers Diego and Bartholomew and his son Fernando signed on, as did some veterans of his earlier trips. Columbus himself was 51 and was beginning to become known around court for being eccentric. He believed that when the Spanish united the world under Christianity (which they would do quickly with gold and wealth from the New World) that the world would end. He also tended to dress like a simple barefoot friar, not like the wealthy man he had become. Hispaniola Columbus was not welcome on the island of Hispaniola, where too many of the settlers remembered his cruel and ineffective administration. Nevertheless, he went there after first visiting Martinique and Puerto Rico. He was hoping to exchange one of his ships (the Santiago de Palos) for a quicker one. While awaiting an answer, he sent word that a storm was approaching and that the new governor (Nicols de Ovando) should delay the fleet heading for Spain. The Hurricane Ovando forced Columbus to anchor his ships in a nearby estuary and ignored his advice, sending the fleet of 28 ships on to Spain. A tremendous hurricane sank 24 of them: three returned and only one- ironically, the one containing Columbus’  personal effects that he wished to send to Spain- arrived safely. A few miles away, Columbus’  ships were badly battered, but all of them remained afloat. Across the Caribbean Once the hurricane had passed, Columbus’ small fleet set out to look for a passage west. The storms continued, and the journey was a living hell. The ships, already damaged from the hurricane, took more abuse. Eventually, they reached Central America, anchoring off the coast of Honduras on an island that many believe to be Guanaja. There they repaired the ships and took on supplies. Native Encounters While exploring Central America, Columbus had an encounter many believe to be the first with one of the major inland civilizations. Columbus’ fleet found a trading vessel, a very long, wide canoe full of goods and traders believed to be Mayan from the Yucatan. The traders carried copper tools and weapons, swords made of wood and flint, textiles, and a certain beerlike beverage made from fermented corn. Columbus, oddly enough, decided not to investigate this interesting trading civilization: instead of turning north when he hit Central America, he headed south. Central America to Jamaica Columbus continued exploring to the south  along the coasts of present-day Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. He met several native cultures, observing maize being cultivated on terraces. They also saw stone structures. They traded for food and gold whenever possible. In early 1503, the ships began to fail. In addition to the battering they had taken from one hurricane and several major storms, it was discovered that they were infested with termites. Columbus reluctantly set sail for Santo Domingo and aid, but his ships only made it as far as Santa Gloria (St. Ann’s Bay), Jamaica. A Year on Jamaica The ships could go no further. Columbus and his men did what they could, breaking the ships apart to make shelters and fortifications. They made a peace with the local natives, who brought them food. Columbus was able to get word to Ovando of his predicament, but Ovando had neither the resources nor the inclination to help him. Columbus and his men languished on Jamaica for a year, surviving storms, mutinies, and an uneasy peace with the natives. Columbus, with the help of one of his books, impressed the natives by correctly predicting an eclipse. Finally, in June 1504, two ships finally arrived to pick them up. Importance of the Fourth Voyage Columbus returned to Spain to learn that his beloved Queen Isabel was dying. Without her support, Columbus would never return to the New World. He was getting on in years at any rate, and it is a wonder that he survived the disastrous fourth voyage. He died in 1506. Columbus’ Fourth Voyage is remarkable primarily for some new exploration, mostly along the coast of Central America. It is also of interest to historians, who value the descriptions of the native cultures encountered by Columbus’ small fleet, particularly those sections concerning the Mayan traders. Some of those who were along on the fourth voyage would later go on to greater things, such as Antonio de Alaminos, a cabin boy who would later rise to pilot and explore much of the western Caribbean. Columbus’ son Fernando would later write a biography of his famous father. The Fourth Voyage was a failure by almost any standard. Many of Columbus’ men died, the ships were lost, and no passage to the west was ever found. Columbus himself would never sail again. He died convinced that he had found Asia, even if most of Europe already accepted the fact that the Americas were an unknown â€Å"New World.† Still, the fourth voyage showed better than any other Columbus’ sailing skills, fortitude, and resilience attributes that allowed him to discover the Americas in the first place. Source: Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. New York: Random House, 2005.

Muhammad Yunus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Muhammad Yunus - Essay Example Micro finance is a term given for the practice of providing financial services, usually very small loans, to developing economies. As the name itself suggests, most transactions in micro finance involve small amounts of money, frequently less than 100 USD. This paper will review an article about Microfinance titled, The Microfinance Promise written by Jonathan Murduch with special focus on Economist, Muhammad Yunus. The main thesis of this article is about the role of Microfinance in the development of individuals and how Muhammad Yunus’s role is very crucial in that development. Microfinance is the ray of hope for many people the world over, who were living a life of struggle due to the lack of basic needs caused by deficient economic resources. This economic deficiency is actually due their inability to find a livelihood and this is further accentuated by the apathy shown by the Government and its institutions. â€Å"About one billion people globally live in households with per capita incomes of under one dollar day. The policymakers and practitioners †¦face an uphill battle. Reports of bureaucratic sprawl and unchecked corruption abound† (Murduch 1569) The author focusses on Muhammad Yunus and Grameen bank after discussing about the utility of Microfinance and the latest approaches. According to the author, it is due to the personal initiative of Muhammad Yunus that Microfinance had its roots in Bangladesh, which in turn ‘rooted’ and ‘routed’ many lives in their path to success. Before Yunus’s initiative, many people had no idea of about the concept of Microfinance and lived their lives with lot of discomfort. And, this term entered common parlance due to the work of Prof. Muhammad Yunus, who was aptly awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 2006. Muhammad Yunus is only credited with disbursing the first microloan in Bangladesh in 1974 using his own money. The author of the article, Murduch focusses on Yunus

Gibbs Reflective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gibbs Reflective - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that looking at the situation, the nurse thought it wise first to open a door. She assumed the driver might have forgotten to close their door and so begun with that door. The easiest way to get to the children was to open their doors next, and so she unlocked all doors and flung the back door open. The nurse was afraid of a misunderstanding between the parents or passers-by, she, however, could not limit her thought to the consequences and, therefore, swing both doors open. After the circulation of air was solved the next step was to look for the nearest authoritative agent. The nurse called a security guard, and it is at this point that she was able to seek help from a second party. They then both waited for the parent to return as they each took a child to their hands.Thid essay stresses that all caregivers are trained to handle all situations from a point of compassion and love. The nurse first took the situation from the children’s perspective. She thought that for an infant to try and understand, such heat and to look and find no help around was a painful situation. She, therefore, felt the need to address the situation in an immediate sense. There are quite a number of laws that govern how children are to be given care. It can   be mistaken as a kidnapper in such a situation. It was, therefore, her first instinct to relieve the children of the immediate threat and then the nurse would look seek help from a person in authority.

Environmental Impact Assessment Programs and Regulations

Environmental Impact Assessment Programs and Regulations Introduction This chapter will provide a review of the development process of Environmental Impact Assessment Programs (EIAP) for buildings for different countries and different regions of the world as a reflection on the continuing evolution of building environmental assessment tools. This chapter includes two sections: the first section will present the initial structure and types for EIAP and will also compare some programs on their categories and weighting systems to anticipate the directions of future developments for building environmental assessment programs. Understanding how EIAP for buildings developed over the past 20 years is the main outcome of this chapter as it will provide evidence for the research hypothesis and justifications for the methodologies undertaken in this research. Objectives The main aim of this chapter is to review the development process of EIAP for buildings; its categories, weighting systems and methodologies used in developing these programs. It will serve as a starting point in developing an evaluation tool especially designed for the Egyptian environment. To achieve this aim some objectives have been adopted: Review and compare different types of EIAP for buildings from variety of regions, emphasizing on their categories of assessment, weighting systems and their latest developments. Investigate the future development direction for EIAP for buildings. The development of EIAP for buildings Building sector contribute significantly to energy consumption all over the world. It is responsible for 38% of the world primary energy consumption and the CO2 emission resulting from these huge levels of consumption, as shown in Figure 2-1 (BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2008, International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics Division, 2008). A lot of experts believe that the building sector in the world could help reducing 1.8 billion tones of CO2 before Kyoto target in 2012 (World Business Council for Sustainable Development 2009 report). According to the UNEP 2007: significant gains can be made in efforts to combat global warming by reducing energy use and improving energy efficiency in buildings. There are number of ways that a building could affect its surrounding environment on its life time. During different stages; row materials, construction, operation and demolition, also, through different components, buildings could have a huge impact on the environment (UNEP 2007). For example: soil pollution, emissions into the air, water spills, waste generation, resource consumption, local impacts, impacts associated with transportation and effects on biodiversity (Gangolells M, et al., 2009). In addition to the previous environmental impacts, buildings affect peoples health directly. As (Theodore 1996 ) reported, there are a lot of health problems that could be linked to buildings directly especially to poor indoor quality i.e. the sick building syndrome. According to (UNEP 2007) it has long been established that to achieve an energy-efficient world, governments, businesses and individuals must transform the building sector. One of the approaches that have been adopted to address the building sector effects on the environment were developing programs to assess buildings performance. Environmental impact assessment programs (EIAP) for buildings were originally conceived as guidance to recognize best practice, promote green buildings and to provide a unified and coherent base for buildings to be compared on. Recent studies showed that EIAP have been a key factor in improving buildings design as well (pennenvironment pdf). This movement towards sustainable and green buildings has been growing rabidly since the second half of the 80s leading to the development of various methods for evaluating the environmental performance of buildings (Cole, Yudelson and Fedrizzi, 2008). The number of EIAP for buildings has increased significantly in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 2-2. From 4 programs in the 80s to more than 25 program now actively used worldwide. This increase in the number of EIAP for buildings or the revolution as Yudelson describe it, will likely continue over the next few years (Cole, , Yudelson). In countries all over the world -especially the developed countries- there is a growing interest in understanding how to reduce the building sector impacts on the environment. This is partially manifested in continues development of EIAP for buildings, either by introducing new assessment tools, or by developing and refining the existing ones. In recent years, the market for evaluating building performance was increasing, with clients demanding buildings that meet the highest efficiency standards and have minimum effects on the environment (U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 2005). The time line progress for the environmental programs Environmental buildings or green buildings from the market point of view could potentially save money on energy bills, cut global warming pollution and help to secure future energy. Therefore there are growing demands for building classified as green or environmentally friendly. Another aspect that confirm the current success of EIAP for building is that a lot of conferences have been and still are held for the environmental impacts of buildings and the best way to develop and assess it (Cole, -, Yudelson). EIAP are now considered a driving force to develop buildings industry. EIAP were first conceived as a mean to quantify the success of a building in achieving reduced impacts on the environment during its life time. They were also developed to comply with standards from organizations like ANSI, ISO, ASHARE, ASTM and CEN. The structure and components of EIAP are always changing to cope with the latest editions in building standards. These changes include; categories of assessment, credits weighting, impacts calculation, cost efficiency and simulation techniques. EIAP assess buildings either on performance bases on prescriptive bases. They were initially developed as voluntary (cole,) but with the higher demands from the market some programs are mandatory in some parts of the world now for example-. Some organizations and local authorities now demand a certain qualification to be attained by the building in order to be authorized. For example EIAP were first designed to assess certain aspects of buildings mostly energy, water and material use. They were also firstly designed for certain types of buildings. New developments to EIAP for buildings included expanding the assessment categories to include every stage and component of a building during its life time. The new generations of programs are moving towards a more comprehensive view of assessment rather than it being for only one type of buildings or one aspect of building elements. New additions to BREAM 2008 and LEED 2009 included the introduction of new versions to assess new types of building (ref for Leed and bream websites). EIAP also assess buildings in different stages; designing, construction, operation and demolish. With number of these programs being in use for several years spotting the developments directions for EIAP for buildings could be recognized and analyzed. In the first generation of EIAP like and , assessments were usually made by a qualified third party. In recent years web based assessment have been introduced, for example in - and LEED V3 2009 (ref for Leed and bream websites). This came as a reaction to the market demand for an easy to use initial assessment. EIAP outcomes are a certificate grade (,), a report () or a to acknowledge the grade of a building in achieving its environmental targets. Recent additions to EIAP for building included the introduction of an outstanding rate for outstanding innovations in green building as in in LEED and -in BREAM (ref for Leed and bream websites). This comes as a result of the current need on the market for green buildings to achieve the highest the huge competition. The success of EIAP in reshaping the building industry is undeniable. In recent years, EIAP have been playing a big role in moving the building industry into a more environment conscious directions, as presented in (Cole, 2003): ..There is little doubt that building environmental assessment methods have contributed enormously to furthering the promotion of higher environmental expectations, and are directly and indirectly influencing the performance of buildings. This current success of EIAP for buildings is considered one of the -in the world (usgreen building council). This success derives from the ability of these programs to offers a common ground for designers, governments and buildings owners, to assess building performance and be recognized for good practice. This chapter will focus on certification programs that deal with evaluation and assessment of buildings to serve as a starting point in developing a specific program aimed at the Egyptian environment needs. From the author view Types of Building Assessment Methods EIAP for buildings could be divided to two types according to what they assess in a building. The first type assesses one or more of the building aspects to find out how it will affect the environment and how well the buildings elements will score against environmental standards, for example on energy efficiency or materials choice. Programs like R-2000 and ENERGY STAR assess mainly building energy efficiency (R-2000, 2007, ENERGY STAR, 2009). These types of assessment methods sometimes are specifically designed for a certain type of buildings like P-mark for prefabricated houses and GreenCalc for Dutch office buildings (Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 2009, GreenCalc, 2009). Also for some programs the assessment is done to only one stage of a building, for example ATHENA for design stage only and NovoClimat for after operation stage only (ATHENA, 2009, Natural Resources Canada, 2009). The assessed buildings either pass the assessment and given a certificate or a qualificatio n grade, or fail to qualify and be given guidance on how to improve the assessed element of their building. The second type of EIAP assesses building as a whole against a set of categories to find out the building total impacts on the environment. These types of programs always include a wide range of categories of assessment ranging from site design and energy efficiency to water usage and recycling management. They also cover different building types with specific consideration for each type, for example in BREEAM, LEEDS and HK-BEAM there are specific versions to assess homes, schools, retail and healthcare. These programs assess a building on different stages; design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolition stage in some programs. Usually a certificate or a qualification grade is awarded to the assessed building to define its standard. Table 2-1 presents EIAP that will be reviewed in this study. Developed in Canada in 1982 the R-2000 is a voluntary program encouraging builders to build energy-efficient houses that are environmentally friendly and healthy. It includes an energy efficiency standard for new houses that is continuously updated. It also includes comprehensive training and education courses for builders. The R-2000 standard assesses energy consumption performance for a house through a series of technical requirements: (minimum envelope requirements, ventilation system requirements, combustion system requirements, energy performance target, lights and appliances, indoor air quality and environmental features/eco-management) (Natural resources Canada, 2009, R-2000, 2007). During the first few years of application the R-2000 program didnt attract the anticipated Canadian building practice (Horvat et al., 2005, Adair, 1996), this was due to: Copying R-2000 homes by uncertified builders that lead to a failure of real application of the program standards. Being more expensive (6-10%) to build R-2000 home in comparison to regular building. Being flexible is what helped the R-2000 (2005 edition) program stay in the current market and being able to be applied to any type of homes. Another advantage is producing homes with 30%-40% energy savings (R-2000, 2007, Horvat et al., 2005). P-mark system (Sweden, 1989) P-mark came as a reaction to the manufacturers of prefabricated houses in Sweden need for an assessment program that assures the market of the quality of their houses. P-mark is a voluntary program. It was developed for design and after construction stages. P-mark authorities use the method of unannounced inspections to assure quality control procedures after operation. 5% of the finished houses is inspected and measured annually. The inspections are on performance bases for the finished homes on air-tightness of the building envelope, air exchange rates, air-tightness of ducts, sound pressure levels and heat requirement, to verify compliance with P-mark requirements P-mark certificate is considered a form of quality assurance in Sweden (Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 2009, Horvat et al., 2005, Swedish Institute for Technical Approval in Construction SITAC, 2007, website) One advantage to the application P-mark was that it has helped the Sweden market in reducing complaints from people about the failure of prefabricated homes (Anneling, 1998). The upgrades that have been made to the P-mark in recent years involved improving the assessment categories to include: 1) Testing for ventilation, air-tightness of houses and ventilation ducts, 2) Inspection for HVAC performance, water-tightness of the kitchen or toilet (Technical Research Institute of Sweden, 2009). The Building Environmental Performance Assessment Criteria (BEPAC) is a voluntary EIAP specifically for commercial buildings. It assesses the building on five categories: energy use, indoor environment, ozone protection, resource conservation, and transportation. BEPAC was Canadas first non-residential environmental assessment tool and has influenced a lot of the programs that followed for example: BREEAM Canada, GBTool, C-2000 and GreenGlobes. On its first version it used an experienced third party to undertake the assessment. As a reaction to concerns regarding the costs of using an expensive third party to carry out the assessment in BEPAC; the self-assessment version of BEPAC was developed. It allows facility staff to evaluate their own buildings. It contains a program for user training. This new addition has been criticized as the facility staff might be not experienced enough to carry out an assessment. BEBAC label consistency has been questioned and this led to the assessment not being used much in the Canadian market (SDIC, 2009, Marshall, 2008, DEH, 2000, Bond, 1999). Eco-profile (Norway, 1995) Eco-Profile is a simple environmental assessment method which was developed to be easy to use to encourage the uptake of the scheme. It assesses life cycle effects of a building on external environment, resources and indoor climate (Boonstra and Pettersen, 2003, Strand and Fossdal, 2003). The program uses 82 parameters to assess the building performance and then given a grade. The grading scale is: 1 for Low environmental impact, 2 for Medium impacts and 3 for Greater impact (Strand and Fossdal, 2003). Eco-Profile is not currently used in the Norwegian market. It has not been marketed since 2002 due to funding limitations with the Norwegian Building Research Institute. Even though more than 60 commercial buildings have been assessed by this program in 2000-2001 it is not considered a successful one as it didnt continue, as presented in (Boonstra and Pettersen, 2003): so far Eco-profile cannot be said to have been a success Some of the suggested improvement for the program included simplifying the program by presenting one index instead of three and reducing the number of the assessed parameters. Another direction for improvement will have to include updating the weighting of parameters. (Boonstra and Pettersen, 2003, Strand and Fossdal, 2003) (Andresen, 2005, Krishnan Gowri, 2004., Hasegawa, 2003, G. Assefa et al., 2007). GreenCalc (The Netherlands, 1997) GreenCalc is an assessment program for Dutch buildings especially commercial and industrial. It uses computer tool to calculate the buildings environmental load in terms of cost. It is divided into four modules: 1) material module: choice of materials, quantities and insulating values. 2) Energy module: energy consumption in operation phase (use of building, air-conditioning, ventilation and lighting. 3) Water usage: water consumption in the operation phase (facilities, sanitary facilities and rainwater). 4) Mobility: accessibility from home to work place; location, public transport and own transport. Assessment is performed in comparison to a benchmark building designed to 1990s standards. The benchmark for environmental index for 1990s building is 100 and current building is 150-300. The program predicts that buildings in 2050 will achieve environmental index of 2000 (Seo et al., 2005, GreenCalc, 2009). The latest version of the program GreenCalc+ has tried to cope with the highly developed market of green buildings. It included expanded simulation modeling with the designer being able to evaluate the effects of better insulation, glazing, efficient lighting systems, and solar energy systems as design options. It updated its energy consumption prediction method to be able to calculate the Energy Performance Norm option (GreenCalc, 2009). ENERGY STAR (US, 2000) ENERGY STAR is a program to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. It is operated by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy. It assesses products as well as buildings, for example; lighting fixtures, home electronics, office equipment, heating and cooling equipment. The building certificate is for residential (single/multi-family and renovated houses) and commercial buildings (ENERGY STAR, 2009, Horvat et al, 2005). Criticisms to ENERGY STAR buildings came from it being more expensive than other conventional buildings especially on design and material aspects. Studies proved that these costs are accepted because the building save on running costs (i.e., the HVAC system) (Tanmay Tathagat 2007, Horvat et al, 2005). In recent development to the program and as a reaction to meet the escalating demands for energy savings, modifications have been applied to its minimum energy saving requirements. Initially in 2000 the ENERGY STAR label required a building to be at least 30% more energy efficient (heating, cooling and water heating) than a comparable one built to the 1993 Model Energy Code. Also the building should be 15% more efficient than the state energy code. New modification in 2007 demanded that a building must be at least 15% more energy efficient than homes built to the 2004 International Residential Code IRC (ENERGY STAR, 2009). (Roosa, 2007, Greg K and Capital E, 2003). (Yudelson and Fedrizzi, 2008b, Greg K and Capital E, 2003, ENERGY STAR, 2009). 2.5.1.7 NovoClimat (Canada, Quà ©bec, 2000) NovoClimat was initially conceived to allow Quebec builders to increase the energy efficiency of their homes. It was developed by the Quebec Agency for Energy Efficiency (Natural Resources Canada, 2009, Horvat et al., 2005). The assessment is done to the building in construction stage and after completion. A typical Novoclimat home will score EnerGuide rating of between 78 and 80 (http://www.ottawasnewesthomes.com/novoclimat-for-gatineau-new-homes.php, http://www.aee.gouv.qc.ca/en/my-home/novoclimat/). It is a voluntary program inspired by Canadas National Model Energy Code. What makes this program different is the fact that it connects energy efficiency and air-tightness to the durability of the building envelope. The new Novoclimat 2007 aimed directly to quantify the effects it makes to a building, by setting a goal to improve a buildings energy performance by a minimum of 25% (Efficient Energy Agency, 2008, Natural Resources Canada, 2009). http://www.ottawasnewesthomes.com/novoclimat-for-gatineau-new-homes.php http://www.aee.gouv.qc.ca/en/my-home/novoclimat/ (Salomon and Nigel, 2006, Robert C, 2003, Natural Resources Canada, 2009, Horvat et al., 2005). 2.5.1.8 ATHENA (Canada, 2000) Athena is North American software for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for buildings. It assesses industrial, institutional, office, multi-unit/single family residential homes and also assesses both new buildings and renovations to existing buildings. It is for design stage only to help in deciding which materials to use as it recognizes more than 90 materials and simulates over 1,200 different assembly combinations (structural and envelope). According to ATHENA institute 2009, this software takes into account the environmental effects of: material manufacturing, (including resource extraction and recycled content), related transportation, on-site construction, regional variation in energy use and other factors, building type and assumed lifespan, maintenance, repair and replacement effects, demolition and disposal, operating energy emissions and pre-combustion effects, embodied primary energy use, global warming potential, solid waste emissions, pollutants to air, pollutants to water and natural resource use. ATHENA (4) Impact Estimator, is the newest version of the program and was released in 2009. As most of the new generation of EIAP, ATHENA (4) newest edition included improving simulation modeling. The software will help designers choose a design from up to five design scenarios. It is also more flexible in handling data flows with more impact measures. Another new feature is the ability to choose new regions to assess (ATHENA, 2009). Eco-Quantum (The Netherlands, 1998) Eco-Quantum is a LCA based computer tool. It starts by entering building data, then the calculation section and finally the output results. It has two versions; one for offices and the other for domestic buildings. It calculates the environmental effects during the entire life span of a building. This includes the impact of energy, the maintenance during the use phase and the differences in the durability of parts of the construction related to the life span of the building. The program has an advantage of being easy to use. As a reaction to the evolving market for environmental assessment, Eco-Quantum V3 latest additives included improving assessment categories. Not only it assess materials and energy flow, it now also takes into account the possibility for selective demolition, recycling, ozone depletion, human toxicity and product reuse ((Kortman, 1999, Breedveld, 2007 Forsberga Malmborgc , 2004, ISPRA, 2009). MAK refernce BEAT (Denmark, 2001) The Building Environmental Assessment Tool (BEAT) is a LCA based tool. BEAT is a relation database designed using Microsoft Access. The user must supply: type of building, estimated lifetime of the building, geometry of the building, number of floors above/below ground, roof pitch, number of windows in the building, % of facade area covered by windows and natural or mechanical ventilation. BEAT assessment is for design stage only. It can be used both for supporting the general design choices early in the design phase, and later for supporting the more detailed design choices. The total environmental effects are the sum of multiplying the environmental effect by a weighting factor. Motivated by both the increased requirements to the energy performance of buildings and the recent developments for simulation tools for building assessment, the Danish Building Research Institute (SBi) is studying a project to develop BEAT. It is studying how to facilitate the use of BEAT by integrating it into new simulation software called BSim. This will allows both energy and environmental assessments to be performed in one operation. The new program is expected to be flexible in respect to the anticipated Canadian Environment Network (CEN) requirements. Early signs of the anticipated merge suggest that it is useful to support decision during design phase (Pedersen, F., Hansen, K., Wittchen, K. B., Grau, K., Johnsen, K. (2008). Combining building thermal simulation methods and LCA methods. In C. Rode, Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries: Nordic Symposium on Building Physics 2008, NSB2008, Copenhagen, June 16-18, 2008, Vol. 2 (pp. 605-611 ). Lyngby: DTU.(The Danish Building Research Institute, 2007). LCAid (Australia, 2001) LCAid is the Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Design Aid software package developed by department of public works and services categories. It is to identify the largest impacts over the building life cycle. It is user friendly decision making tool used to evaluate the environmental performance of design options over its life span. The program inputs are: raw materials, building product manufacture, energy, and water. Outputs include: resource extraction, emissions to air, water, land and waste, demolition reuse, recycling and disposal. The software outputs identify the areas that have the greatest impact on the environment so it could be reduced by other solutions. LCAid improvements included to separates the environmental impacts within each indicator into four stages; construction, operation, maintenance and demolition (Eldridge, 2002, Graham, P. 2000). Green Globes (Canada, 2000) Green Globes is a system to manage the assessment of environmental designs. It is an online assessment for green buildings. The system requires the client (i.e. property manager, owners of commercial and multi-residential buildings) to complete an online confidential questionnaire at design stage. Another stage of the assessment is an online report from a third-party at the construction stage. The categories of assessment for green Globes are: site, energy, water, emissions and indoor environment. It was developed based on BREEAM/Green Leaf as their upgrade or as their web-based tool. It was much anticipated and there was an immediate uptake to it with more than 100 users registered for existing building assessments only in 2002. One of the reasons for the huge uptake could have been that the program was filling the gap for an online assessment method that is related to BREEAM. To be certified a building will have to achieve at least 35% of the total number of 1,000 points. New editi on of Green Globes are in the line of developing the program to consider the building surrounding environment and not only the building itself. The new tool for Continual Improvement of Existing Buildings (CIEB) will look at aspects such as resident transportation opportunities (ECD, 2009, Boonstra Pettersen, 2003, Green Globes (2009). BEES (US, 2002) Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) is a program to help making an environmental but cost effective building. BEES measures the life time effects of the building and its components. The categories of assessment are in terms of: Global warming, Acidification, Eutrophication, Resource Depletion, Indoor Air Quality, Solid Waste, First Cost and Future Cost. The software strength comes from the extensive assessment for economic performance of a building using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. It produces results for environmental performance and economic performance and an overall performance as shown in Figure 2-9. All stages of buildings construction are analyzed from the row material manufacture and transportation to the waste management. The program is constantly developing by adding assessment categories and new materials to the software database in order to keep up to date with the latest editions in the green designs. BEES 4.0 function to the newest data from U.S. EPA and have more than 200 building products in its database (BEES, 2007, Lippiatt, et.al., 2002). Programs that assess the whole building. BREEAM (UK, 1990) The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), initiated as a tool for assessing the environmental performance of a building. BREEAM assessment is divided into 9 categories: Management, Health Comfort, Energy, Transport, Water, Materials, Land Use, Ecology and Pollution. It was initially started as a questionnaire based tool. These questionnaires were designed for each stage of a building from design to post-operation. The actual credits were given to a building only on two stages: concept design stage and the preparation of construction stage. One criticism for BREEAM was that finished buildings sometimes differ from the design. This has been addressed in the latest version of BREEAM (2008) by introducing a post construction assessment. This assessment will ensure that all the specifications stated in the design are carried out in the actual building (BREEAM, 2009, BERR, 2008, Howe, 2008). Another criticism for BREEAM was that design teams used to cop y whole paragraphs of the checklists provided by BREEAM and put it in the design specification to get the credits from the assessor. Also a lot of credits could have been obtained from number of very small additives to the design (for example parking sheds). These credits will help buildings in getting a high rating without necessarily being green as a whole. In BREEAM 2008 mandatory credits was introduced to address this problem. These credits will ensure a minimum application of a holistic view of green concept in the rated buildings. Also by making the Code for Sustainable Homes and BREEAM or equivalent mandatory in April 2008, this will secure sustainable measures in larger developments (BREEAM, 2009, BERR, 2008, Howe, 2008, Glasson et al., 2005). BREEAM initially didnt include benchmarks for number of criteria; it used to make reference to them. This was designed to help BREEAM being flexible. In BREEAM 2008 a lot of credits have been expanded especially setting benchmarks for CO2 emissions to align with the new Environmental Performance Certificate (EPC). BREEAM assess new and existing building for deferent types of buildings: Courts, homes, Industrial buildings, Multi-Residential, Prisons, Offices, Retail and Education. Latest developments in BREEAM 2008 included expanding the assessed building types to include BREEAM Healthcare and BREEAM Further Education. As a reaction to the evolving market of green buildings and the urge to use the highest environmental developments in buildings industry; a new rating level (BREEAM outstanding) has been introduced in 2008. This will enable innovative designs to be recognized for being leaders in their domain (BREEAM, 2009). HK-BEAM ( Hong Kong, 1996) The Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM) is a voluntary environmental assessment program for buildings. It was originally developed by Real Estate Development Agency but it is owned now by BEAM Society. The program main assessment categories are: site, materials, energy, water, indoor environment and innovative aspects and its award classifications are Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze. It was the first program to finalize its assessment only when the building is completed. HK-BEAM is updating periodically to keep up with the industry standards and regulations. New versions were released on 1999, 2003 and 2005. The latest version HK-BEAM 4/04 has a lot of modifications to respond to the developing market of green buildings. BEAM 2004 highlighted the increasing importance of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ); by making it necessary to obtain minimum credit for it in order to be eligible for a grade. The grade awarded is based on percentage of applicable credi ts gained both for IEQ and overall assessment. BEAM is considered a very successful assessment tool. Though being voluntary program, in 2003, over